Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 1 : What is a Looperator? / https://lnkd.in/dzw2nwH3
The term “Looperator” is a combination of the words ‘loop’ and “operator” and refers to a revolutionary fusion technology. It uses the quantum mechanical properties of fermions and bosons to achieve permanent magnetic plasma confinement. The plasma container consists of four identical semicircular pipe bends surrounded by many evenly spaced ring- or spiral-shaped coils. The plasma volume enclosed by these coils has a double helix structure formed by a multitude of double helix-shaped magnetic field lines, each of which is designed as an endless loop. To fuse deuterium and tritium, the core temperature must be between 100 and 400 million degrees Celsius. The double helix contains a central magnetic field line (m1) around which a large number of eccentric magnetic field lines wind. The fourfold offset of the magnetic field surfaces creates the double helix structure of the plasma volume. This structure surrounds the central magnetic field line (m1) with stable, concentric, fluid-dynamic layers that have a temperature gradient decreasing from the inside to the outside. Before plasma ignites from its hot core, the heavy isotopes of Hydrogen,- deuterium and tritium -exist as fermions. Deuterium consists of a proton, a neutron, and an electron. Tritium consists of a proton, two neutrons, and an electron. Both of these heavy isotopes belong to the category of fermions, which follow Fermi-Dirac statistics. However, this changes when the plasma ignites because each isotope loses an electron. The resulting tritium cation (³H), called a triton, has a nuclear spin of 1/2 due to its odd number of nucleons (one proton and two neutrons). Therefore, it remains a fermion. In contrast, the deuterium ion, called a deuteron, has a nuclear spin of 1 because its proton and neutron spins (1/2 each) add up to a total spin of 1. Since the magnetic field is stronger on the concave inner side than on the convex outer side of the plasma volume, the gyration of the particles (+,-) around the magnetic field lines generates undesirable shear forces transverse to the flow direction of the plasma, which in a tokamak destroy the layer structure of the plasma within a short time. To reverse the spin deviation of fermions, particles must change their spin twice within one half of the double helix or one ring oscillation period. In addition, they must change their spin four times within two periods in order to return to the same spin state at the starting point of an orbital revolution. However, in order for the spin deviation of fermions and bosons to be completely canceled out within one ring oscillation period in one of the two mirror-image halves of the double helix, the gradient of the helical magnetic field lines is essential. This allows the plasma to be magnetically confined in the “looperator” indefinitely. The beauty of the double helix is that the deuteron must make two complete revolutions to return to the same spin state at the start of an orbital cycle. A quantum mechanical mechanism within the double-helix-shaped plasma volume sets off a chain reaction in which the nuclei of the deuterium and tritium atoms fuse to form helium. This process releases a million times more energy than any combustion process. To keep up the chain reaction continuous fuel supply and efficient slag removal are needed for uninterrupted power production. This remarkable technology is set to usher in an era of abundant energy by enabling magnetic plasma to be confined on an unlimited scale. Nuclear fusion provides an additional energy source independent of the stochastic availability of solar and wind power. Fusion will provide humanity with an abundant energy supply, enabling us to thrive in an environment conducive to life and free from the threats of migration and conflict caused by climate change.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 2 : True Origin of the Double Helix / https://lnkd.in/ekbZFzCQ
Even before the concept of the double helix became widely known through Watson and Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA, Leonardo da Vinci had already designed a double helix staircase at the Château de Chambord in France. Construction of the staircase was completed in 1519. The proposed double helix for the "Looperator" consists of a central magnetic field line m1 and four semicircular arcs B with a radius of rB. The mirror-symmetric structure of the central magnetic field line m1, depicted in yellow, encircles a central point M1 and is located on the surface of a uniform transformation sphere with a radius r1. The four semicircles B, depicted in blue, connect at four points J1–J4 in a common torque plane β′ and can be interpreted as two periods of ring-shaped, curved oscillation forming an endless double helix. The fusion reactor introduced in Chapter 1 has a tubular plasma volume with a radius rP. A multitude of eccentric magnetic field lines shown with IMPC 9 wind around the central magnetic field line m1. Following the first law of thermodynamics and driven by the inertia of the mass-carrying particles, these field lines oscillate regularly from inside to outside and back again within the tubular plasma volume. The magnetic field lines lie on the surface of a uniform virtual transformation sphere with a radius of r1. The field lines consist of four curved elliptical arcs B′1-B'4, each connected to the others in the torque plane β′. Each arc has the same length as the semicircular arcs B. The maximum possible radius rP of the tubular plasma volume is 1/2 x rB.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 3 : The Uniform Transformation Sphere / https://lnkd.in/ejKFBvqu
The proposed fusion reactor's spherical magnetic field has a central guideline, depicted in yellow. This guideline represents the central magnetic field line, m1, of the "Looperator." The tubular plasma volume of the double helix has a layered structure arranged concentrically around four identical semicircles. The semicircles are connected to each other in a common angular momentum plane β', which is explained in more detail in the article "IMPC 4." Four exemplary eccentric magnetic field lines in different colors are shown on the outer surface of the plasma volume. As illustrated in Chapter 1, the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils creates a clockwise magnetodynamic flux within the plasma. These four magnetic field lines are characterized by elliptical space curves connected in the β′ angular momentum plane. Unwinding the eccentric field lines from the surface of the transformation sphere reveals that their length is precisely equal to that of the central magnetic field line. According to the first law of thermodynamics, this indicates the self-induced twist of the eccentric magnetic field lines. The Lorentz force is equal in both mirror-image halves of the double helix. Equal forces in both halves cause the magnetic field lines to oscillate regularly from inside to outside the tubular plasma volume and vice versa. This eliminates the need for poloidal coils. The collective interaction of electrons and ions with the magnetic field lines can be described mathematically using the Poincaré conjecture. This conjecture represents a Dirac group for fermions, which is characterized by three geometric operations: the Lorentz transformation, translation, and rotation. Chapter 4 explains a second quantum mechanical effect that exploits the inertia of fermions.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 4: How to Twist the Magnetic Field / https://lnkd.in/dGEwtb-m
As the English philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon (1561–1626) once said, 'Natura non nisi parendo vincitur' – 'Nature can only be conquered by obeying it.' In keeping with this idea, the 'Looperator's' quadruple magnetic field offset prevents unwanted turbulence in the plasma. The chiasma of intersecting, endless loops — a feature also found in a Möbius strip — causes the magnetic field lines to twist without any further intervention. The video shows how the red arrows at the corners of the torque plane generate a torque that twists the magnetic field lines within the plasma volume due to the mass of charged particles (-,+) In a spherical, endless loop, four magnetic field lines on the outer surface of the tubular plasma volume are arranged at radial distances from one another, alternating regularly from inside to outside the plasma tube. In the torque plane (β'), the four magnetic field planes of the plasma volume are connected at connection points (J1–J4). Both mirror-image halves of the double helix are driven by the Lorentz force, with electrons (red) and ions (blue) moving along magnetic field lines in spiral paths at an orbital velocity of approximately 1,000 km/s . They follow magnetic field lines along spiral paths at an orbital velocity of approximately 1,000 km/s, not including the speed of their gyral oscillation. As subatomic particles have mass, they are subject to centrifugal forces, depicted by white arrows for negatively charged particles and black arrows for positively charged particles. These arrows are coplanar with their respective magnetic field plane. The particles move close to the speed of light when their gyration speed, resulting from a gyration frequency of 10⁻¹¹, is added to their orbital speed of 1,000 km/s. This gives them a strong enough gravitational impact to twist the magnetic field lines. The asymmetry of the magnetic field induces an electric field that exerts transverse forces on positively and negatively charged particles, causing them to move away from each other in opposite directions. As depicted by the blue arrow for positively charged particles and the red arrows for negatively charged particles, this undesirable effect can be fully compensated for within the four magnetic field planes of the plasma volume, each of which is offset by 90 degrees relative to the others. Chapter 5 provides a detailed explanation of how the electric field generated by the gyration of charged particles affects the stability of plasma confinement. In tokamak experiments, the layered structure of the plasma is quickly destroyed by increased shear flows. For this reason, tokamak experiments have a relatively short operating time. The 'Looperator' was developed to enable permanent magnetic plasma confinement. This is thanks to its exceptional ability to keep charged particles on course.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 5: Dynamic Model of Quantum Gravity / https://lnkd.in/dChP_Gs4
The ‘Looperator’ was developed to keep negatively (red) and positively (blue) charged particles, which move in opposite directions along the magnetic field lines due to an electric field induced by magnetic field asymmetry, on their respective trajectories. This functional requirement can be explained using classical physics and knowledge at secondary school level. Furthermore, the ‘Looperator’ introduces, for the first time, a dynamic model of quantum gravity, which significantly simplifies the explanation of the functional requirement for sustained plasma confinement. Let us first consider the simpler explanatory model. As shown in Chapter 1, the arrangement of the Helmholtz coils determines the magnetic field. Starting from the central trajectory—the guideline of the tubular plasma volume shown in yellow—the video demonstrates how electrons and ions move along the magnetic field lines in spirals at a speed of 1000 km/s. They form closed loops along the spiral paths by following the magnetodynamic flow direction, which is determined by the current induced by the Helmholtz coils. The magnetic field is stronger on the concave inner surface of the four semicircular arcs surrounding the plasma vessel than on the convex outer surface, as the distance between the Helmholtz coils is smaller on the inner surface than on the outer surface. This asymmetry distorts the Larmor angle, which defines the gyration radius. Consequently, positively and negatively charged particles orbit the magnetic field lines with a smaller radius facing the inner side and a larger radius facing the outer side. The different charges (–,+) of subatomic particles also cause the particles to orbit the magnetic field lines in opposite directions. This induces an electric field perpendicular to the respective magnetic field plane. The consequence of these gyral transverse forces is that electrons and ions move away from the respective magnetic field line in opposite directions. The resulting transverse forces are shown in the video by the red and blue arrows. During an orbital revolution of the electrons and ions, the transverse forces represented by the red and blue arrows cancel each other out. This innovative approach achieves exceptional track stability for positively and negatively charged subatomic particles and eliminates the need for additional poloidal coils. The following section presents a dynamic quantum mechanical model that explains the track stability of fermions and bosons within a generally applicable orbital model. Electrons, positrons and tritium nuclei (‘tritons’) are characterised by their intrinsic half-integer spin. To return to the same spin state at the starting point within a single orbit defined by two periods of a standing wave, they require a fourfold change in the direction of spin. In contrast, a boson requires a twofold change in the direction of spin to return to the same spin state within a single orbit. When the plasma is ignited, the deuterium atom loses an electron. This changes its spin quantum number from 1/2 to 1, transforming it into a boson known as a deuteron. This change in spin direction also satisfies Ampère’s law, according to which an electric current generates a magnetic field around itself. The line integral of the magnetic field strength along a closed curve corresponds to the total current flowing through the four arcs of the ‘Looperator’. Based on Newton’s fourth law, one of Maxwell’s equations establishes a direct relationship between magnetic flux density and electric current. The video shows how four magnetic field planes, offset by 90 degrees from one another, ensure tracking even for a boson. The drift of electrons and ions is greatest when they pass through two arcs, and reverses completely when they pass through two more. This results in the electrons and ions being perfectly tracked within the plasma, which is a prerequisite for time-limited magnetic plasma confinement. Chapter 6 contains a more detailed explanation of the ECE theory, which predicts a 20% increase in efficiency for the quantum mechanical explanatory model of the Looperator.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 6: The Directional Stability of the Deuteron / https://lnkd.in/dHHX_Hvm
Fermions, named after Enrico Fermi, are a group of subatomic particles with odd, half-integer spin values. In contrast, bosons such as photons, gravitons and the nucleus of a deuteron have even spin values (zero, one or two). The 'Looperator's' plasma chamber contains a magnetic field composed of four semicircular magnetic field planes, each offset by 90 degrees relative to the others. The number of magnetic field lines contained within each magnetic field plane that are interconnected within a common angular momentum plane β' depends on the diameter of the plasma tube. The video exaggerates the restoring effect of gyral drift on negatively charged electrons and positively charged deuterons moving in opposite directions. This is demonstrated using an example of an eccentric magnetic field line, whose trajectory is shown in yellow on the outer surface of the tubular plasma volume. In order to achieve time-unlimited plasma confinement with minimal effort, it is necessary to take into account two advantageous properties of the double helix. Firstly, the chiasma of the magnetic field lines causes them to regularly alternate between the inner and outer surfaces of the tubular plasma volume. This effect is comparable to a Möbius strip. Secondly, the displacement of the four planes of the plasma vessel causes the magnetic field lines to lie on the surface of a sphere with a uniform radius around their respective centres. They twist as they transition from outside to inside and vice versa. These two properties affect the plasma volume, causing the magnetic field lines to twist. Electrons (-) and ions (+) have different charges and can move along the field lines at speeds of up to 1000 km/s. By simultaneously orbiting the magnetic field line at a frequency of 10⁻¹¹ Hz, they generate an electric field that is perpendicular to the magnetic field plane. Since the magnetic field is stronger on the concave inner side of a semicircular arc of the plasma volume than on the convex outer side, the electrons and ions follow magnetic field lines with different gyration radii. These radii are tighter on the inner side and wider on the outer side. This creates an electric field that causes the particles to move away from their respective field lines in opposite directions, perpendicular to the four magnetic field planes. According to the three-finger rule, which explains how an electric field is induced perpendicular to the magnetic field plane, the red electron moves away from the yellow trajectory in the direction indicated by the red arrow, and the blue deuteron moves away from the yellow trajectory in the direction indicated by the blue arrow. Regarding an orbital path, the transverse forces acting on negatively charged particles (such as electrons) and positively charged particles (such as ions or deuterons) cancel each other out. This means that the particles follow the magnetic field lines as if guided along railroad tracks. A fluid dynamic equilibrium is established within the plasma volume by Helmholtz coils surrounding the plasma vessel at regular radial intervals. For the gyral drift of fermions and bosons to be completely cancelled out within a single period of the double helix, the gradient of the helical field lines is crucial. The video shows how the gyral drift of an electron and a deuteron cancels itself out completely within one orbital revolution, which is characterised by two periods of a standing wave. This ensures that the plasma in the looprator remains magnetically confined indefinitely.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 7: Why the Magnetic Field Lines Twist / https://lnkd.in/dcSQEUuy
Chapter 1 introduces Helmholtz coils arranged at regular intervals, perpendicular to the direction of the Lorentz force and concentric with the central magnetic field line m1. These coils are located around the four semicircles of the plasma vessel. The arcs are offset by 90 degrees relative to one another and fit into a surrounding virtual cube. According to conventional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), one would expect a concentric arrangement of magnetic field lines with different radii, as shown in the video on the left-hand side of the plasma volume. These field lines are considered stationary. Therefore, in both a tokamak and a stellarator, positively and negatively charged particles move away from the magnetic field lines. It is widely accepted that plasma weighing only a few grams in an experimental reactor cannot deflect a magnetic field with a strength of 2 to 15 tesla. However, the latest research results show that the regular change in the particles' spin, together with their velocity of 10¹¹ km/s, can deflect magnetic field lines. This phenomenon can be observed in coronal mass ejections from the Sun and in ball lightning. However, according to the Einstein-Cartan-Evans (ECE) theory, the magnetic field lines on the right-hand side of the plasma volume shown in the video are twisted and lie on the surface of a uniform transformation sphere with the same radius. Based on torsion and curvature in the 'Looperator', particles (+, −) can bend magnetic field lines — a magnetohydrodynamic effect that is amplified by the fourfold change in spin direction of fermions in an orbital circle. This satisfies Ampère's law, also known as the law of flux, as the magnetic field strength along the double-helix magnetic field lines corresponds to the total flowing current, with a fourfold change in spin direction for fermions and a twofold change for bosons. This law is one of Maxwell's equations and directly links magnetic flux with electric current. The mathematical framework required to demonstrate the assumption of self-induced torsion of magnetic field lines can be found in the book 'Principles of ECE Theory': A New Paradigm in Physics, published on 1 September 2016 by Myron W. Evans, Horst Eckardt, Douglas W. Lindstrom, and Stephen J. Crothers. Chapter 3, page 77, heading 'ECE THEORY AND BELTRAMI FIELDS': 'Every plane wave solution corresponds to two circularly polarised waves propagating in opposite directions and combining to form a standing wave. This standing wave does not possess the standard properties of linearly or circularly polarised waves with E ⊥ B, since the combined Pointing vectors of the circularly polarised waves cancel each other out, similar to the situations previously described in connection with Beltrami plasma vortex filaments.' In essence, the combination of these two waves produces a standing wave with non-zero magnetic helicity. Marsh's book [1] also explores the relationship between helicity and energy densities in this context. It reveals the fascinating fact that any magnetostatic solution to the FFMF equations can be used to construct a solution to the Maxwell equations with E⊥B. See Chapter 8, 'Cosmology', for an illustration on page 233 showing that the velocity curve of a spiral galaxy resembles a Möbius strip. G. E. Marsh, Force-Free Magnetic Fields, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. Waves with E ⊥ B are possible since the combined Pointing vectors of the circularly polarised waves cancel each other out in a manner similar to that seen earlier in connection with Beltrami plasma vortex filaments. [1] G. E. Marsh, Force-Free Magnetic Fields, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 8: The Four Magnetic Field Planes / https://lnkd.in/dBWsSxey
As demonstrated in the video on the left, the 'three-finger rule' provides an adequate explanation for how fermions and bosons track along the double-helix-shaped magnetic field lines within the plasma volume. While the thumb points in the direction of electron (-) and ion (+) flow along the curved magnetic field lines, the index finger, held perpendicular to the thumb, points in the direction of the magnetic field. According to Ampère's fundamental law of electrodynamics, a current flowing in a closed circuit induces a magnetic field with closed magnetic field lines. This is also the case in the plasma of a fusion reactor, for example. Perpendicular to this magnetic field, the Lorentz force (represented by the middle finger) acts to move electrons (-) and ions (+) away from the magnetic field lines in opposite directions. They circle the magnetic field lines in spiral paths at a frequency of 10⁻¹¹ Hz. They complete one orbital revolution at a speed of 1,000 km/s within two periods of a standing wave. The asymmetry of the magnetic field causes the electrons and ions to move away from each other in opposite directions along the gradients of the double-helix magnetic field lines, within two arc-shaped segments of the plasma volume. Conversely, they require a further two arc-shaped segments to move towards each other again. The gradient of a double-helix magnetic field line changes direction four times due to the four magnetic field planes being offset by 90 degrees relative to one another. This means that two periods of a standing wave are required for the gyral deflection of fermions and bosons to reverse completely. The inertia of massive particles subjected to an abrupt change in the direction of the Lorentz force within the torque planes spanned by the four magnetic field planes results in deflection caused by shear forces acting perpendicular to the field direction being completely reversed within two periods of the standing wave. This applies to fermions with a spin quantum number of 1/2 and to bosons with a spin quantum number of 1. Therefore, the particles follow the magnetic field lines much as they would follow railway tracks. In a tokamak, additional poloidal coils are required to counteract the transverse drift of particles by twisting the magnetic field. In stellarators, an extremely complex zigzag pattern of coils achieves the same result. In the Looperator, however, the magnetic field geometry is designed such that particle tracking can be ensured using only Helmholtz coils, eliminating the need for additional coils. This approach aligns with the philosophy of American architect and engineer Buckminster Fuller: 'Don't fight forces; use them instead!' The video on the left illustrates the quantum mechanical approach to achieving perfect plasma stability. In this approach, the gyration drift of an ion within a standing wave of a ring oscillation consisting of two periods cancels itself out within a single oscillation period. Consequently, the ion exhibits stable behaviour in the plasma. To twist the magnetic field lines exclusively using Helmholtz coils and largely eliminate the transverse drift induced by particles circulating around the magnetic field lines, the particles must switch from up-spin to down-spin twice within a single rotation period of the double helix. This results in the plasma twisting the magnetic field lines in a torsion-based manner, with the ions and electrons moving through the medium on separate paths while spiralling around the magnetic field lines. The fourth Maxwell equation describes how currents flowing in an electric field influence the magnetic field. However, the possibility that variable currents can generate light and radiation is not immediately apparent from Maxwell's equations. For the flux law in a vacuum to be satisfied in the 'Looperator' plasma, the magnetic field lines described in Chapter 5 must cause the ions and electrons to travel on identical paths through the two mirror-image halves of the plasma volume.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 9 : Making the Plasma Structure Visible / https://lnkd.in/dwfGymRs
As discussed in Chapter 1, the Helmholtz coils are arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line within the plasma vessel, which comprises four equal semicircular arcs. The coils cause multiple magnetic field lines to wind helically around the central field line m₁ within the plasma volume. The video shows twelve exemplary magnetic field lines on the outer surface of the plasma volume, each lying on a virtual uniform transformation sphere. In the two mirror-inverted halves of the double helix, the field lines regularly change direction, moving from the inside to the outside of their respective field layer and back again. This means they are exactly the same length. To twist the magnetic field lines using only regularly spaced Helmholtz coils, and to reverse the spin deviation of fermions, the spin of the particles must change four times within one orbital revolution, representing two periods of a standing wave. However, a magnetic field gradient is essential to fully cancel the spin deviation of fermions and bosons within one oscillation period of the double helix. This enables the plasma to be magnetically confined in the 'Looperator' indefinitely. Since the Lorentz force is equal in both halves of the plasma volume, the magnetic field lines automatically twist, eliminating the need for additional coils to manipulate the magnetic field. The central magnetic field line, as shown in Chapter 9, defines the trajectory of the plasma volume. The radius of the tubular plasma volume corresponds to the amplitude of the circular standing wave, which has two periods. As temperature and pressure rise due to the central magnetic field line, the frequency of this oscillation increases from the cooler exterior to the hotter interior. Temperatures in this region can reach between 100 and 400 million degrees Celsius. According to the Lorentz transformation, the amplitude of this spherical oscillation corresponds to the radius of a virtual sphere centred on the 'locator'. The double helix effect is similar to that of a Möbius strip. At the connection point, two evenly spaced lines alternate between the inside and outside. This invention is an induction system for a spherical magnetic D-T fusion field, offering significant advantages over existing technology. The 'Looperator' features precise magnetic field topologies arranged in concentric layers that are more accurate than those of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator experiment. The video shows twelve magnetic field lines of the spherical magnetic field, which can be made visible inside the vacuum of the plasma chamber. As in the Wendelstein 7-X experiment, this is achieved by injecting an electron beam along the magnetic field lines. The beam follows these lines and maps them, enabling an accurate 3D model of the expected magnetohydrodynamic processes to be created.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 10 : Chapter 10 : Structure and Scalability / https://lnkd.in/e8aApViG
The plasma container comprises identical circular or oval modules. These modules are arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line (M1) and the centre of the plasma volume. The modules are bounded by inner and outer radii around M1. These modules can be bolted or welded together to form four arc-shaped units. As described in Chapter 1, the magnetic field generated by the Helmholtz coils suspends the plasma volume at a distance from the blanket to ensure that it does not come into contact with the inner shell of the double-walled plasma vessel formed by the blanket. The Helmholtz coils are assigned to individual container modules. The radial and longitudinal distances between the coils are defined by the sector angles around M1, the centre point of the fusion reactor. The central magnetic field line M1 of the fusion reactor is surrounded by a large number of concentric layers, each of which contains decentralised magnetic field lines with analogous connection and vertex points. After the plasma is ignited, the heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, each lose one electron. Triton, the cation of tritium, remains a fermion with an odd number of nucleons. In the video, it is depicted as a blue sphere moving along a magnetic field line on the exterior of the plasma volume. Its gyration radius, as described in Chapter 5, occupies the space indicated by the dark and light stripes on the outer surface of the plasma. However, in this process, the deuteron, the cation of deuterium, becomes a boson with an even number of nucleons. The direction of fluid dynamics and the orientation of the angular momentum axes and planes of fermions and bosons are determined by the Lorentz force. A ring oscillation is divided into two mirror-image halves by at least one zero line between the connection points of the central magnetic field line m1. This differentiation occurs within the individual layers of the plasma volume. Each layer has specific frequencies, and the frequency band of these oscillations ranges from 50 Hz at the outer edge of the plasma volume to several kilohertz around the hot centre defined by the m1 trajectory. Fermions and bosons follow magnetic field lines so precisely that a plasma vessel with a diameter of between 0.30 and 0.40 metres can ignite plasma. This enables the construction of compact fusion reactors, including their power supply and energy conversion systems. Such reactors can therefore be installed on Earth, in space and on vehicles, particularly watercraft.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 11 : Time is Looped / https://lnkd.in/ebFGJCNG
The double helical shape of the 'Looperator' tubular plasma volume comprises two mirror-symmetrically arranged S-shaped curves, each representing one period of spherical vibration. The frequency of spherical oscillations within the double helix over two periods of the "Looperator" is a measure of time. The progression of this time is determined by the temperature and density of the elementary particles within the layered, tubular plasma structure. In other words: Time only exists in the frequency of oscillations, which depend on temperature and the density of matter. In the individual layers of the double-helical plasma tube of the 'Looperator', a macroscopic orbital model can be observed in which a uniform transformation sphere defines equal-radius, equal-length orbits for fermions and bosons. As illustrated in Chapter 5, fermions follow magnetic field lines in endless spiral loops. This regularity is evident in the decentralised magnetic field lines of the outer plasma layer, which are displayed in different colours, as well as in the central red magnetic field line. The gyration radius of electrons and ions is represented by the thickness of the coloured lines in the outermost layer of magnetically confined plasma in a double-helix plasma container. Chapters 1 to 6 demonstrate how these spherical oscillations can be used for the permanent magnetic confinement of plasmas. In cosmological terms, the ring-shaped vibration of elementary particles forms a scalar field that constitutes the universe's background. The number of zero crossings in an even number of periods of these vibrations can be used to measure time. Different temperatures in the universe play an important role in determining this number. Time passes much more slowly in the vacuum of the so-called voids than in areas where matter has condensed into a spongy structure. However, time passes infinitely quickly inside a black hole. This temperature-dependent measure of time can also be observed in living organisms: for example, an ice shark can live for several hundred years, whereas a mouse's life lasts only a few years — not to mention the lifespan of a mayfly. Two periods of spherical ring vibration are also essential for creating a new orbital model for chmical elements. The regular change of electron spin within an orbital—whether s, p, d, or f—is essential to the electromagnetic neutrality of atoms. Exceptions include incompletely filled orbitals, which are element-specific. Without this neutrality, electrons would interact chaotically, preventing the formation of chemical compounds. The goal is to integrate the new orbital model with the residence probability determined by Schrödinger's equations within a spherical model.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 12 : Lorentz Transformation / https://lnkd.in/ebzkEmeb
Precise length measurements show that the yellow path, representing the central magnetic field line m1, is exactly the same length as the eccentric magnetic field line around which the blue ion will rotate. Since the central magnetic field line consists of four flat semicircles with radius r_B, its length can be easily calculated. As all magnetic field lines lie on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with the same radius, the magnetodynamic flow dynamics of the 'Looperator' undergo a Lorentz transformation, which combines three geometric operations: a Lorentz transformation, a translation and a rotation. As illustrated in Chapter 2, the four magnetic field planes of the double-helical plasma volume are offset by 90° from one another and are connected at four points within a shared angular momentum plane (β'). The flat semicircles of the yellow trajectory lie on the surface of a central transformation sphere defined by the x, y and z axes. For a given radius of the transformation sphere, the length of the central magnetic field line is 4π, which is equivalent to twice the circumference of a circle with the same radius. In the outermost layer of the plasma volume, two magnetic field lines equidistant from each other are shown. These field lines are at their maximum and minimum distances from the centre M1 of the fusion reactor, located at the vertices of their double helical orbit. At the four connection points in the β′ angular momentum plane, the precession of the fermions and bosons dissolved in the plasma causes them to change from an up spin to a down spin four times in order to return to their starting point with the same spin state within an orbit. Conversely, the twisting of the magnetic field lines is caused by the chiastrum of the endless loops, which can be compared to a Möbius strip. Here, two equidistant lines regularly alternate between an outer side that is maximally distant from the centre and an inner side that is minimally distant from it. In order to twist the magnetic field lines exclusively by means of Helmholtz coils and to largely eliminate a counter-rotating gyrational deflection of the fermions as a consequence of the electric field induced by the gyration of the particles around the magnetic field lines, it is a necessary prerequisite that the particles change twice from an up spin to a down spin within one period of the double helix, while the gradient of the helical line of the double helix is a sufficient condition to completely reverse the gyrational drift of fermions and bosons within a period of ring oscillation defined by half a helical line of the double helix. Chapter 9 will provide a more detailed examination of the boson circuit, explaining its function and role.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 13 : Transfer of Heat to Thermal Fluid / https://lnkd.in/efwteeiC
The inner core of the tubular plasma has a temperature ranging from 100 to 400 million degrees. How can heat be transferred to water circulating between the inner and outer shells of the plasma container? The double-shell steel plasma container in which the water circulates acts as a heat transfer device, absorbing heat from the plasma. It is equipped with eight magnetic coils, each of which has two magnetic poles lying opposite each other on the inner shell of the container. These coils can be operated using both alternating and direct currents. Using a sophisticated circuit makes it possible to temporarily establish contact between the electrically conductive plasma volume and the inner shell of the plasma vessel. This facilitates the transfer of heat to the so-called blanket by thermal conduction. The blanket is a layer on the inner shell of the plasma vessel that faces the plasma. The charged particles respond collectively to the attraction or repulsion exerted by the opposite poles of the magnetic coils. This influences the trajectory of the magnetic field lines. In a coordinated circuit of the magnetic coils, the tubular plasma volume can be briefly brought into contact with the inner shell of the plasma vessel to allow heat transfer by thermal conduction.
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Induction System for a Spherical Field Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Chapter 14 : Double Helical Heat Transfer / https://lnkd.in/e2raeTWn
The heat transfer helix is designed to heat water. Helical ribs located between the inner and outer shells of the plasma vessel guide this process. The fusion reaction provides the thermal energy that ensures wet steam leaves the helix at its upper end. Outside the coil, a superheater further heats the steam until it becomes dry, superheated steam that contains no liquid droplets. This steam can then be used to drive turbines or be fed directly into a district heating network to heat buildings. Superheated steam has a temperature significantly above the saturation temperature of water and typically ranges from 300 to 600 °C. Due to its high temperature, superheated steam does not condense immediately upon cooling, making it ideal for driving steam turbines. The double-shell plasma vessel transfers heat from the outer layer of plasma, which is several thousand degrees hot, to a heat transfer fluid (ideally water). The plasma vessel consists of four identical arcs, each with an inner shell that faces the plasma volume and an outer shell that is arranged at a radial distance from the inner shell. Water circulates in the duct space between the shells, which is approximately 15–20 cm thick. The fusion reactor has an inlet at the bottom and an outlet at the top for the heat transfer fluid. These can be used as the supply or return line. Due to their connection by ribs, the inner and outer shells act as thermally activatable masses. Water is transported from the inner shell to the outer shell of the fusion reactor through the duct space between the left and right halves' ribs. This is accomplished by twisted steel ribs with a helical pitch that transport water from the inner shell to the outer shell along an S-curve path. Since the ribs form a monolithic composite with the inner and outer shells, heat is transferred from the entire plasma vessel to the heat transfer fluid. As shown in the video, the ribs twist once per period. Alternatively, a fourfold twist could be achieved using the central trajectory of the fusion reactor (depicted in yellow) between its four connection points and four vertices. This fourfold change would correspond to the fermions' fourfold change of spin from up to down within the plasma volume. The gradient of the double helical magnetic field lines reverses particle rotation deflection completely within one period of annular oscillation. This ensures the particles' tracking accuracy by eliminating unwanted shear forces within two periods of annular oscillation. In a tokamak, poloidal coils twist the magnetic field to compensate for the particles' transverse drift. Some stellarators eliminate transverse drift using an extremely complicated zigzag pattern of magnetic field lines. In the "Looperator," however, the particles' intrinsic angular momentum twists the magnetic field lines. This approach aligns with the philosophy of American architect and engineer Buckminster Fuller, who said, "Don't fight forces; use them instead!".
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