Chapter 1 : https://lnkd.in/dzw2nwH3 / What is a Looperator ?
The term “Looperator” is a combination of the words ‘loop’ and “operator” and refers to a revolutionary fusion technology. It uses the quantum mechanical properties of fermions and bosons to achieve permanent magnetic plasma confinement. The plasma container consists of four identical semicircular pipe bends surrounded by many evenly spaced ring- or spiral-shaped coils. The plasma volume enclosed by these coils has a double helix structure formed by a multitude of double helix-shaped magnetic field lines, each of which is designed as an endless loop. To fuse deuterium and tritium, the core temperature must be between 100 and 400 million degrees Celsius. The double helix contains a central magnetic field line (m1) around which a large number of eccentric magnetic field lines wind. The fourfold offset of the magnetic field surfaces creates the double helix structure of the plasma volume. This structure surrounds the central magnetic field line (m1) with stable, concentric, fluid-dynamic layers that have a temperature gradient decreasing from the inside to the outside. Before plasma ignites from its hot core, the heavy isotopes of Hydrogen,- deuterium and tritium -exist as fermions. Deuterium consists of a proton, a neutron, and an electron. Tritium consists of a proton, two neutrons, and an electron. Both of these heavy isotopes belong to the category of fermions, which follow Fermi-Dirac statistics. However, this changes when the plasma ignites because each isotope loses an electron. The resulting tritium cation (³H), called a triton, has a nuclear spin of 1/2 due to its odd number of nucleons (one proton and two neutrons). Therefore, it remains a fermion. In contrast, the deuterium ion, called a deuteron, has a nuclear spin of 1 because its proton and neutron spins (1/2 each) add up to a total spin of 1. Since the magnetic field is stronger on the concave inner side than on the convex outer side of the plasma volume, the gyration of the particles (+,-) around the magnetic field lines generates undesirable shear forces transverse to the flow direction of the plasma, which in a tokamak destroy the layer structure of the plasma within a short time. To reverse the spin deviation of fermions, particles must change their spin twice within one half of the double helix or one ring oscillation period. In addition, they must change their spin four times within two periods in order to return to the same spin state at the starting point of an orbital revolution. However, in order for the spin deviation of fermions and bosons to be completely canceled out within one ring oscillation period in one of the two mirror-image halves of the double helix, the gradient of the helical magnetic field lines is essential. This allows the plasma to be magnetically confined in the “looperator” indefinitely. The beauty of the double helix is that the deuteron must make two complete revolutions to return to the same spin state at the start of an orbital cycle. A quantum mechanical mechanism within the double-helix-shaped plasma volume sets off a chain reaction in which the nuclei of the deuterium and tritium atoms fuse to form helium. This process releases a million times more energy than any combustion process. To keep up the chain reaction continuous fuel supply and efficient slag removal are needed for uninterrupted power production. This remarkable technology is set to usher in an era of abundant energy by enabling magnetic plasma to be confined on an unlimited scale. Nuclear fusion provides an additional energy source independent of the stochastic availability of solar and wind power. Fusion will provide humanity with an abundant energy supply, enabling us to thrive in an environment conducive to life and free from the threats of migration and conflict caused by climate change.
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Chapter 2 : https://lnkd.in/ekbZFzCQ / True Origin of the Double Helix
Even before the concept of the double helix became widely known through Watson and Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA, Leonardo da Vinci had already designed a double helix staircase at the Château de Chambord in France. Construction of the staircase was completed in 1519. The proposed double helix for the "Looperator" consists of a central magnetic field line m1 and four semicircular arcs B with a radius of rB. The mirror-symmetric structure of the central magnetic field line m1, depicted in yellow, encircles a central point M1 and is located on the surface of a uniform transformation sphere with a radius r1. The four semicircles B, depicted in blue, connect at four points J1–J4 in a common torque plane β′ and can be interpreted as two periods of ring-shaped, curved oscillation forming an endless double helix. The fusion reactor introduced in Chapter 1 has a tubular plasma volume with a radius rP. A multitude of eccentric magnetic field lines shown with IMPC 9 wind around the central magnetic field line m1. Following the first law of thermodynamics and driven by the inertia of the mass-carrying particles, these field lines oscillate regularly from inside to outside and back again within the tubular plasma volume. The magnetic field lines lie on the surface of a uniform virtual transformation sphere with a radius of r1. The field lines consist of four curved elliptical arcs B′1-B'4, each connected to the others in the torque plane β′. Each arc has the same length as the semicircular arcs B. The maximum possible radius rP of the tubular plasma volume is 1/2 x rB.
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Chapter 3 : https://lnkd.in/ejKFBvqu / The Uniform Transformation Sphere
The proposed fusion reactor's spherical magnetic field has a central guideline, depicted in yellow. This guideline represents the central magnetic field line, m1, of the "Looperator." The tubular plasma volume of the double helix has a layered structure arranged concentrically around four identical semicircles. The semicircles are connected to each other in a common angular momentum plane β', which is explained in more detail in the article "IMPC 4." Four exemplary eccentric magnetic field lines in different colors are shown on the outer surface of the plasma volume. As illustrated in Chapter 1, the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils creates a clockwise magnetodynamic flux within the plasma. These four magnetic field lines are characterized by elliptical space curves connected in the β′ angular momentum plane. Unwinding the eccentric field lines from the surface of the transformation sphere reveals that their length is precisely equal to that of the central magnetic field line. According to the first law of thermodynamics, this indicates the self-induced twist of the eccentric magnetic field lines. The Lorentz force is equal in both mirror-image halves of the double helix. Equal forces in both halves cause the magnetic field lines to oscillate regularly from inside to outside the tubular plasma volume and vice versa. This eliminates the need for poloidal coils. The collective interaction of electrons and ions with the magnetic field lines can be described mathematically using the Poincaré conjecture. This conjecture represents a Dirac group for fermions, which is characterized by three geometric operations: the Lorentz transformation, translation, and rotation. Chapter 4 explains a second quantum mechanical effect that exploits the inertia of fermions.
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Chapter 4 : https://lnkd.in/eK-AhUPW / Quadruple Magnetic Field Offset
In the β' angular momentum plane, the four magnetic fields of the spherical double helix converge. As indicated by the red arrows at the corners of the β′ angular momentum plane, torque results from the quadruple magnetic field offset that characterises the spherical double helix. Electrons (represented by the red globe) and ions (represented by the blue globe) are driven by the Lorentz force in both mirror-image halves of the double helix. They move within the magnetodynamic flux at speeds of up to 1,000 km/s along their respective magnetic field lines. The quadruple magnetic field offset prevents unwanted turbulence in the plasma. The chiasm of intersecting, endless loops — a feature also found in a Möbius strip — is responsible for the magnetic field lines twisting in on themselves. In a spherical, endless loop, two magnetic field lines are arranged at a radial distance from each other, regularly transitioning from inside to outside the orbit. As the English philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon (1561–1626) once said, 'Natura non nisi parendo vincitur' — 'Nature can only be conquered by obeying her'. In the case of the 'Looperator', this is achieved by applying a transverse force, depicted by red arrows for the electrons and blue arrows for the ions. These forces acting transversely to the plasma flow direction cause the particles to move away from their respective field lines. However, this unwanted effect can be completely compensated for within two adjacent arcs by the 90-degree offset of the double helix of the magnetic field planes. Chapter 5 describes in detail how the gyration radii of charged particles are affected within an asymmetric magnetic field. It also explains how to prevent unwanted shifts of electrons and ions transverse to the magnetodynamic flow direction of the plasma. In tokamak experiments, the layer structure of the plasma is quickly destroyed by continuously amplifying shear flows. For this reason, tokamak experiments have a relatively short operating time. The 'Looperator' was developed to ensure permanent magnetic plasma confinement. This is thanks to its extraordinary ability to keep charged particles on course.
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Chapter 5 : https://lnkd.in/eqGwKAE / How the Induction System Works
The 'Looperator' is designed to ensure that electrons and ions travelling along the magnetic field lines are kept on track. As shown in Chapter 1, the configuration of the Helmholtz coils determines the magnetic field. The video uses the example of the central magnetic field line to explain how the induction system works, and this example is also representative of the eccentric magnetic field lines. Electrons and ions spiral around the magnetic field lines in closed loops. Since the distance between the Helmholtz coils is smaller in each of the four semicircular arcs, the magnetic field is stronger on the concave inner side than on the convex outer side, where the coils are farther apart. This magnetic field asymmetry causes particles to gyrate at different radii. Since electrons and ions spiral in opposite directions, an electric field is induced by charged particles travelling opposite each other along the field lines at a speed of 10⁻¹¹ per second. The resulting transverse forces, indicated by the red and blue arrows, cause the electrons and ions to slightly move away from their respective magnetic field line within one semicircular arc. Charged particles wind around magnetic field lines at smaller radii on the concave inner side of semicircular arcs than on the convex outer side. On the outer side, the radii of gyration spirals are larger. Unlike in a tokamak, where this effect intensifies without interruption, causing the layer structure of the plasma volume to collapse and necessitating an immediate shut down of the experiment after a short period of time, the 'Looperator' exploits the 90-degree quadruple offset of the magnetic field planes within an orbital revolution to keep the particles precisely on track. The drift of the particles, transverse to the magnetodynamic flow direction, can be corrected within the sequence of two arcs affecting the track fidelity of the electron (depicted as a red globe) and the triton (the cation of tritium), which are both fermions. When the plasma is ignited, the deuterium atom loses an electron, changing its spin from 1/2 to 1 and becoming a boson called a deuteron. This deuteron will require two 360-degree turns to return to the same spin state after one orbital revolution. The video illustrates how the four magnetic field planes, each offset by 90 degrees from the others, affect track fidelity. The initial drift of electrons and ions ceases after half a period and is completely reversed within one period of annular oscillation. This results in perfect track fidelity for electrons and ions within the plasma — a prerequisite for magnetic plasma confinement without time limitations.
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Chapter 6 : https://lnkd.in/e8aApViG / Structure and Scalability
The plasma container comprises identical circular or oval modules. These modules are arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line (M1) and the centre of the plasma volume. The modules are bounded by inner and outer radii around M1. These modules can be bolted or welded together to form four arc-shaped units. As described in Chapter 1, the magnetic field generated by the Helmholtz coils suspends the plasma volume at a distance from the blanket to ensure that it does not come into contact with the inner shell of the double-walled plasma vessel formed by the blanket. The Helmholtz coils are assigned to individual container modules. The radial and longitudinal distances between the coils are defined by the sector angles around M1, the centre point of the fusion reactor. The central magnetic field line M1 of the fusion reactor is surrounded by a large number of concentric layers, each of which contains decentralised magnetic field lines with analogous connection and vertex points. After the plasma is ignited, the heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, each lose one electron. Triton, the cation of tritium, remains a fermion with an odd number of nucleons. In the video, it is depicted as a blue sphere moving along a magnetic field line on the exterior of the plasma volume. Its gyration radius, as described in Chapter 5, occupies the space indicated by the dark and light stripes on the outer surface of the plasma. However, in this process, the deuteron, the cation of deuterium, becomes a boson with an even number of nucleons. The direction of fluid dynamics and the orientation of the angular momentum axes and planes of fermions and bosons are determined by the Lorentz force. A ring oscillation is divided into two mirror-image halves by at least one zero line between the connection points of the central magnetic field line m1. This differentiation occurs within the individual layers of the plasma volume. Each layer has specific frequencies, and the frequency band of these oscillations ranges from 50 Hz at the outer edge of the plasma volume to several kilohertz around the hot centre defined by the m1 trajectory. Fermions and bosons follow magnetic field lines so precisely that a plasma vessel with a diameter of between 0.30 and 0.40 metres can ignite plasma. This enables the construction of compact fusion reactors, including their power supply and energy conversion systems. Such reactors can therefore be installed on Earth, in space and on vehicles, particularly watercraft.
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Chapter 7 : https://lnkd.in/ebFGJCNG / Time is Looped
The double helical shape of the 'Looperator' tubular plasma volume comprises two mirror-symmetrically arranged S-shaped curves, each representing one period of spherical vibration. The frequency of spherical oscillations within the double helix over two periods of the "Looperator" is a measure of time. The progression of this time is determined by the temperature and density of the elementary particles within the layered, tubular plasma structure. In other words: Time only exists in the frequency of oscillations, which depend on temperature and the density of matter. In the individual layers of the double-helical plasma tube of the 'Looperator', a macroscopic orbital model can be observed in which a uniform transformation sphere defines equal-radius, equal-length orbits for fermions and bosons. As illustrated in Chapter 5, fermions follow magnetic field lines in endless spiral loops. This regularity is evident in the decentralised magnetic field lines of the outer plasma layer, which are displayed in different colours, as well as in the central red magnetic field line. The gyration radius of electrons and ions is represented by the thickness of the coloured lines in the outermost layer of magnetically confined plasma in a double-helix plasma container. Chapters 1 to 6 demonstrate how these spherical oscillations can be used for the permanent magnetic confinement of plasmas. In cosmological terms, the ring-shaped vibration of elementary particles forms a scalar field that constitutes the universe's background. The number of zero crossings in an even number of periods of these vibrations can be used to measure time. Different temperatures in the universe play an important role in determining this number. Time passes much more slowly in the vacuum of the so-called voids than in areas where matter has condensed into a spongy structure. However, time passes infinitely quickly inside a black hole. This temperature-dependent measure of time can also be observed in living organisms: for example, an ice shark can live for several hundred years, whereas a mouse's life lasts only a few years — not to mention the lifespan of a mayfly. Two periods of spherical ring vibration are also essential for creating a new orbital model for chmical elements. The regular change of electron spin within an orbital—whether s, p, d, or f—is essential to the electromagnetic neutrality of atoms. Exceptions include incompletely filled orbitals, which are element-specific. Without this neutrality, electrons would interact chaotically, preventing the formation of chemical compounds. The goal is to integrate the new orbital model with the residence probability determined by Schrödinger's equations within a spherical model.
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Chapter 8 : https://lnkd.in/ebzkEmeb / Lorentz Transformation
Precise length measurements show that the yellow path, representing the central magnetic field line m1, is exactly the same length as the eccentric magnetic field line around which the blue ion will rotate. Since the central magnetic field line consists of four flat semicircles with radius r_B, its length can be easily calculated. As all magnetic field lines lie on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with the same radius, the magnetodynamic flow dynamics of the 'Looperator' undergo a Lorentz transformation, which combines three geometric operations: a Lorentz transformation, a translation and a rotation. As illustrated in Chapter 2, the four magnetic field planes of the double-helical plasma volume are offset by 90° from one another and are connected at four points within a shared angular momentum plane (β'). The flat semicircles of the yellow trajectory lie on the surface of a central transformation sphere defined by the x, y and z axes. For a given radius of the transformation sphere, the length of the central magnetic field line is 4π, which is equivalent to twice the circumference of a circle with the same radius. In the outermost layer of the plasma volume, two magnetic field lines equidistant from each other are shown. These field lines are at their maximum and minimum distances from the centre M1 of the fusion reactor, located at the vertices of their double helical orbit. At the four connection points in the β′ angular momentum plane, the precession of the fermions and bosons dissolved in the plasma causes them to change from an up spin to a down spin four times in order to return to their starting point with the same spin state within an orbit. Conversely, the twisting of the magnetic field lines is caused by the chiastrum of the endless loops, which can be compared to a Möbius strip. Here, two equidistant lines regularly alternate between an outer side that is maximally distant from the centre and an inner side that is minimally distant from it. In order to twist the magnetic field lines exclusively by means of Helmholtz coils and to largely eliminate a counter-rotating gyrational deflection of the fermions as a consequence of the electric field induced by the gyration of the particles around the magnetic field lines, it is a necessary prerequisite that the particles change twice from an up spin to a down spin within one period of the double helix, while the gradient of the helical line of the double helix is a sufficient condition to completely reverse the gyrational drift of fermions and bosons within a period of ring oscillation defined by half a helical line of the double helix. Chapter 9 will provide a more detailed examination of the boson circuit, explaining its function and role.
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Chapter 9 : https://lnkd.in/deKUxmqq / Track fidelity of the Boson
Named after Enrico Fermi, fermions are a group of subatomic particles with odd, half-integer spin values. In contrast, bosons, such as photons and gravitons, are subatomic particles with even spin values (0, 1 or 2). The 'Looperator' plasma vessel has a magnetic field consisting of four semicircular planes offset by 90 degrees. These planes generate a large number of magnetic field lines connected in a common angular momentum plane β'. To ensure plasma confinement for an unlimited period of time with minimal effort, two advantageous properties of the double helix must be considered. Firstly, the chiastism of the magnetic field lines is analogous to a Möbius strip. Firstly, at the connection point, two parallel lines transition from the inside to the outside of the strip. Secondly, on the surface of a uniform-radius transformation sphere, the magnetic field lines circle their respective centres, twisting as they switch from outside to inside and vice versa. This second property results from the four planes of the plasma vessel affecting the plasma volume and causing it to twist. Electrons (-) and ions (+) have different charges. Travelling at a speed of 10¹¹ m/s, they generate an electric field. The resulting force acts transversely to the plasma flow direction and is caused by the magnetic field's asymmetry. The magnetic field is stronger on the concave inner side of an arc than on the convex outer side. Consequently, electrons and ions follow magnetic field lines with different radii of gyration: smaller on the inner side and larger on the outer side. In order to twist the magnetic field lines exclusively by means of Helmholtz coils, and to largely eliminate the deflection of fermions due to counter-rotational gyration caused by the electric field induced by gyrating particles around magnetic field lines, the particles must switch from up to down spin twice within one double helix period. The gradient of the double helix screw line is sufficient to completely reverse the gyral drift of fermions and bosons within one ring oscillation period, which is defined as half a double helix screw line. The video shows an electron and a boson moving away from an eccentric magnetic field line on the outer surface of the plasma volume during one ring oscillation period, and how their gyration cancels out again in the second period. This ensures that the plasma can be magnetically confined in the Looperator indefinitely.
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Chapter 10 : https://youtu.be/ZGnCQ0736xE / How Ampère's Law is Fulfilled
According to Ampère's fundamental law of electrodynamics, a current flowing in a closed circuit creates a magnetic field consisting of closed magnetic field lines. An extension of the unified field theory (#resuft) states that a magnetic field interacting with charged particles (+, -) induces an electric field in a conductive medium, such as the plasma in a fusion reactor. This results in the plasma's torsion-based coupling, whereby the ions and electrons move along separate paths through the medium while spiraling around the magnetic field lines. Maxwell's fourth equation describes how currents flowing in an electric field influence the magnetic field. However, the possibility that variable currents can generate light and radiation is not immediately apparent from Maxwell's equations. In order for the flux law to be satisfied under vacuum conditions in the plasma of the "Looperator," the magnetic field lines described in Chapter 11 must create equal-length paths for ions and electrons through the two mirror-image halves of the plasma volume. However, the magnetic field's asymmetry induces an asymmetric electric field, causing particles to orbit the magnetic field lines in spiral paths at a frequency of 10⁻¹¹ Hz. These particles orbit the magnetic field lines at a speed of 1,000 km/s in an orbital circulation with two periods. The particles follow the magnetic field lines at a speed of 1,000 km/s in an orbital circulation with two periods of standing oscillation. Consequently, electrons and ions move away from each other in opposite directions along the gradients of the double-helical magnetic field lines within the four arc-shaped segments of the plasma volume. The gradient reverses the deflection of particle rotation completely within one period of annular oscillation, ensuring the particles' tracking accuracy. Additionally, the gradient of the double-helical magnetic field lines cancels out the undesirable shear forces that destroy the layer structure of the plasma in tokamaks and stellarators, doing so within two periods of annular oscillation in the loop operator. In a tokamak, additional poloidal coils twist the magnetic field to counteract the transverse drift of the particles. Some stellarators eliminate transverse drift by using an extremely complicated zigzag pattern of magnetic field lines. In the loop operator, however, the particles' intrinsic angular momentum is used to twist the magnetic field lines. This approach aligns with the philosophy of American architect and engineer Buckminster Fuller, who said: 'Don't fight forces, use them instead!'
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Chapter 11 : https://lnkd.in/dG8bq53Z / Magnetic Fusion Reactor
Why the Magnetic Field Lines will Twist Chapter 1 introduces Helmholtz coils, which are arranged around the four semicircular arcs of the plasma vessel at regular intervals perpendicular to the direction of the Lorentz force, concentrically to the central magnetic field line m1. These arcs are offset from each other by 90 degrees and fit into a surrounding virtual cube. According to conventional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), one would expect to see a concentric arrangement of magnetic field lines of various radii, as depicted in the video on the left-hand side of the plasma volume. These field lines are considered immovable. Therefore, in both a Tokamak and a Stellarator, positively and negatively charged particles move away from the magnetic field lines. According to prevailing opinion, plasma weighing only a few grams in an experimental reactor will not be able to deflect a two-tesla magnetic field. However, the latest research findings show that the regular change in the spin of particles, together with their speed of 10¹¹ km/s, can deflect magnetic field lines. This phenomenon can be observed in solar coronal mass ejections and ball lightning. However, in the Einstein-Cartan-Evans (ECE) theory, the magnetic field lines on the right-hand side of the plasma volume shown in the video are twisted and lie on the surface of a uniform transformation sphere with the same radius. Based on torsion and curvature in the 'Looperator', particles (+, −) can bend magnetic field lines — a magnetohydrodynamic effect enhanced by the fourfold change in spin direction of fermions in one orbital circuit. The mathematical framework necessary to prove the assumption of auto-induced twisting of magnetic field lines can be found in the book Principles of ECE Theory: A New Paradigm in Physics by Myron W. Evans, Horst Eckardt, Douglas W. Lindstrom and Stephen J. Crothers, published on 1 September 2016. In Chapter 3, on page 77, the following summary can be found under the heading: 'ECE THEORY AND BELTRAMI FIELDS', which states that: "Every plane wave solution corresponds to two circularly polarized waves propagating oppositely to each other and combining to form a standing wave. This standing wave does not possess the standard power or feature of linearly-or circularly-polarized waves with E ⊥ B, since the combined Pointing vectors of the circularly-polarized waves cancel each other similar to the situation we met earlier in connection with Beltrami plasma vortex filaments. Essentially, the combination of these two waves produces a standing wave propagating non-zero magnetic helicity. In the book by Marsh [28] the relationship is shown between the helicity and energy densities for this wave as well, as the very interesting fact that any magnetostatic solution to the FFMF equations can be used to construct a solution to Maxwell's equations with E‖B." Please also refer to Chapter 8, 'Cosmology', where the velocity curve of a whirlpool galaxy shows s Moebius strip on page 233.
[28] G. E. Marsh, Force-Free Magnetic Fields, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.
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Chapter 12 : https://lnkd.in/drH8YwC9 / Visible Helical Plasma Structure
As discussed in Chapter 1, the Helmholtz coils are arranged concentrically around the central magnetic field line within the plasma vessel, which comprises four equal semicircular arcs. The coils cause multiple magnetic field lines to wind helically around the central field line m₁ within the plasma volume. The video shows twelve exemplary magnetic field lines on the outer surface of the plasma volume, each lying on a virtual uniform transformation sphere. In the two mirror-inverted halves of the double helix, the field lines regularly change direction, moving from the inside to the outside of their respective field layer and back again. This means they are exactly the same length. To twist the magnetic field lines using only regularly spaced Helmholtz coils, and to reverse the spin deviation of fermions, the spin of the particles must change four times within one orbital revolution, representing two periods of a standing wave. However, a magnetic field gradient is essential to fully cancel the spin deviation of fermions and bosons within one oscillation period of the double helix. This enables the plasma to be magnetically confined in the 'Looperator' indefinitely. Since the Lorentz force is equal in both halves of the plasma volume, the magnetic field lines automatically twist, eliminating the need for additional coils to manipulate the magnetic field. As temperature and pressure rise due to the central magnetic field line, the frequency of this oscillation increases from the cooler exterior to the hotter interior. Temperatures in this region can reach between 100 and 400 million degrees Celsius. According to the Lorentz transformation, the amplitude of this spherical oscillation corresponds to the radius of a virtual sphere centred on the 'locator'. The double helix effect is similar to that of a Möbius strip. At the connection point, two evenly spaced lines alternate between the inside and outside. This invention is an induction system for a spherical magnetic D-T fusion field, offering significant advantages over existing technology. The 'Looperator' features precise magnetic field topologies arranged in concentric layers that are more accurate than those of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator experiment. The video shows twelve magnetic field lines of the spherical magnetic field, which can be made visible inside the vacuum of the plasma chamber. As in the Wendelstein 7-X experiment, this is achieved by injecting an electron beam along the magnetic field lines. The beam follows these lines and maps them, enabling an accurate 3D model of the expected magnetohydrodynamic processes to be created.
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Chapter 13 : https://lnkd.in/efwteeiC / Transfer of Heat to Thermal Fluid
The inner core of the tubular plasma has a temperature ranging from 100 to 400 million degrees. How can heat be transferred to water circulating between the inner and outer shells of the plasma container? The double-shell steel plasma container in which the water circulates acts as a heat transfer device, absorbing heat from the plasma. It is equipped with eight magnetic coils, each of which has two magnetic poles lying opposite each other on the inner shell of the container. These coils can be operated using both alternating and direct currents. Using a sophisticated circuit makes it possible to temporarily establish contact between the electrically conductive plasma volume and the inner shell of the plasma vessel. This facilitates the transfer of heat to the so-called blanket by thermal conduction. The blanket is a layer on the inner shell of the plasma vessel that faces the plasma. The charged particles respond collectively to the attraction or repulsion exerted by the opposite poles of the magnetic coils. This influences the trajectory of the magnetic field lines. In a coordinated circuit of the magnetic coils, the tubular plasma volume can be briefly brought into contact with the inner shell of the plasma vessel to allow heat transfer by thermal conduction.
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literature

[1] T. Iwaniec and G. Martin, 'The Beltrami equation'. In: Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, Band 191, Nr. 893, 2008. Band 191, Nr. 893.

[2] D. Reed: 'Beltrami–Trkalian vector fields in electrodynamics', in M. W. Evans and S. Kielich (eds.), Modem nonlinear optics (Wiley, New York, 1992, 1993, 1997, 2001), six volumes and two editions, vol. 85 and 119 of Advances in Chemical Physics.

[3] G. E. Marsh, Force-Free Magnetic Fields, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.

[4] S. Venkat et al., 'Realistic transverse images of the proton charge and magnetic densities', NT@UW-10-15, 2010.

[5] G. Sardin, 'Fundamentals of the orbital conception of elementary particles and their application to the neutron and nuclear structure', Physics Essays, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1999.

[6] A. Proca, 'Sur la théorie ondulatoire des électrons positifs et négatifs', J. Phys. Radium, 7, 347 (1936); 'Sur la Théorie du Positron', C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 202, 1366 (1936).

[7] Dorin N. Poenaru, 'Proca equations of a massive vector boson field'.